Earlier this week, Steven Pressman wrote about bringing an extraordinary act of quiet heroism to light. He is the author of the recently published book 50 Children: One Ordinary American Couple’s Extraordinary Rescue Mission into the Heart of Nazi Germany and will be blogging here all week for Jewish Book Council and MyJewishLearning.
I was in Vienna earlier this month to talk about my book and to show the documentary film I made at the U.S. Embassy’s Amerika Haus cultural center. During my research for this project, I had previously made two separate trips to Vienna but hadn’t been back to the city since the fall of 2010. It was a beautiful morning — bright sunshine, brilliant blue skies, a warming spring day — and I took a long walk to revisit some of the places I’d gone to before, all of which figured, one way or another, in Gil and Eleanor Kraus’ rescue mission.
I first stopped at the Kunstlerhaus, a nineteenth century artists’ exhibition hall that, in the spring of 1939, was the site of the Entartete Kunst — Degenerate Art — exhibit, which had traveled throughout Germany and Austria since its original opening, attended by Hitler himself, in Munich in 1937. Gil and Eleanor came to see the exhibition a day or two before they left Vienna with the fifty children. Coincidentally, I had attended only a couple of weeks earlier a fascinating and disturbing exhibition of some of that same “degenerate” art at the Neue Galerie in New York City. Suddenly it struck me as I walked past the Kunstlerhaus that I had gazed upon several of the very same paintings that Gil and Eleanor had viewed 75 years earlier.
Degenerate Art Exhibit
After passing by the elegant Bristol Hotel, where Gil and Eleanor stayed while they were in Vienna, I made my way up Kartnerstrasse, one of the city’s fashionable shopping streets (as it was in 1939) and walked past the massive St. Stephen’s Cathedral. A few minutes later I found myself on Seitenstettengasse, the street where the offices of Vienna’s Jewish community are located today as they were when the Krauses were here. This is where Gil and Eleanor met with the parents and interviewed the children hoping to come to America. Not long before the Krauses arrived, the Nazis raided these offices, arrested Jewish community leaders and took control. During my visit, two armed police officers maintained a vigilant watch at one end of the street. A synagogue adjoins the Jewish community office, as it did in the 1930s. But the police are now stationed here to guard against anti-Semitic attacks, rather than to help carry them out as they did during the Kristallnacht riots of November 1938.
Stadttempel is the main synagogue of Vienna, Austria
As I continued my stroll through Vienna’s inner city, I tried to imagine a time when these same, cobblestoned streets were teeming with Jews — lawyers, shopkeepers, merchants, journalists, writers, doctors — all of whom had contributed to the rich vibrancy of this once great cultural capital of Europe. In the 1930s, just like today, Vienna’s lovely green parks were lined with wooden benches. By 1938, little plaques had been affixed to the benches announcing they were reserved for Aryans. By the time that Gil and Eleanor arrived, Jewish children and adults alike were no longer even allowed in the parks. On this warm spring day, I’m free to take a seat on those same wooden benches. But the echoes of that once-thriving Jewish culture have vanished into silence. Only a tiny sliver of a Jewish community exists now in Vienna, and that earlier world is gone forever. I slowly made my way back to my hotel, passing yet another row of empty benches. Without warning, my eyes moistened with tears. I was surrounded only by ghosts.
Steven Pressman was born and raised in Los Angeles and received an undergraduate degree in political science from the University of California’s Berkeley campus. He spent many years as a journalist, working for a variety of publications in Los Angeles, Washington DC, and San Francisco. He is the director and producer of the HBO documentary film “50 Children: The Rescue Mission of Mr. and Mrs. Kraus” which led to his new book. Steven and his wife, Liz Perle, have two grown children and live in San Francisco.
Related Content:
- “A Yiddishist in Vilnius” by Steve Stern
- “A Ghetto in the Middle of a City” by Gwen Edelman
- Essays: On the Holocaust
- Vienna is Different: Jewish Writers in Austria from the Fin de Siècle to the Present by Hillary Hope Herzog
- “How Far Would You Go For Your Passion?” by Lisa Barr
A journalist with over 30 years’ experience, Steven Pressman is the writer, director and producer of the HBO documentary film, Fifty Children. He is married to former New York publisher Liz Perle, who is the granddaughter of Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus. They live in San Francisco, CA.Steven Pressman is available to be booked for speaking engagements through Read On. Click here for more information.